Impact of Gender Differences in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Gender Differences and Education Level on Unemployment Rate in Australia. Answer: Introduction The following is the report on the research project on impact of gender differences and education in unemployment in Australia. The research is a topic of human resources management. Getting the insights in the employments aspects in Australia is very essential. Job availability in Australia is dependent upon many factors and thus the interest has aroused. The literature review is given from the different journals that have been found about the chapters. The major factors that have been identified for further investigation are education level and gender differences. Further, the research aims and objectives are given in the following and the research questions. The literature review summary is given in the following and based on the research questions the secondary data has been collected from the government websites. Thus the finding and analysis of the questions have been given. The research methodology, that have been chosen for this deductive descriptive analysis is also highligh ted in the report. The Project aims and objectives The aim of this project is to analyse the factors affecting the unemployment in Australia by Gender differences and Education level. The Primary objectives of this research is To analyse the implication of gender difference influences in unemployment rate in Australia To analyse the implication of three different education level on the unemployment rate in Australia Research questions Is the female unemployment rate higher than the males? How does gender differences impacts unemployment rate? Do the civilian labour forces define the available job market? Are the professionals are paid according their skills and experiences? Hypothesis H1: Gender differences and education level affects the unemployment rate of Australia H0: Gender differences and education level does not affect the unemployment rate of Australia Literature review summary The following is the literature review of the unemployment rate of Australia and how it is affected by the gender difference and education level. General discussion Unemployment is common macroeconomic element in any economy of world. No matter how remarkable any economy performs, a minimum level of unemployment is visible that is known as Natural Rate of Unemployment and is derived from aggregate data. It is not possible to absorb every individual of the population into jobs since population consist of people of different ages including child and old persons. The existence of unemployment above the level of natural rate of unemployment is crucial call for the nation as it has various negative impacts on the economic operation and performance as a whole (Coates, 2015). The microscopic impact of unemployment is financial backwardness, deprivation of basic amenities of life, poverty and psychological frustration. The macro lens view of the impact unemployment has on the economy as well is massive. The aggregate demand of the economy decelerates through the mechanism of consumption spending which falls with rising unemployment and lesser to no inco me. Continued unemployment disallow the consumption which is source of demand of any nation and driving factor of stimulating production. This further impedes the economic growth of the nation. Thus, unemployment receives prime concern of the policy maker as the higher rate of unemployment exerts a recessionary impact on the economy over long term of period hence symbolic of bad health or poor economy. Unemployment Theory In general term unemployment means no availability of employment or people remaining unabsorbed into the poduction system. In economic terms the unemploymnet rate is dervided from the crude estimation of total unemployment in any nation. The rat eof unepmloyment refers to the percentage estimation of the labor force that remains idle or unemployed. It is widely acknowledged as major economic indiactor that influences strongly the direction investmnet channelization into an economy. The unemployment rate is calculated following the formula shown below: Unemployment Rate = No. Of unemployed persons/ Labor force The concept of labor force is of utmost importance. Labor force does not include all the poulation who are unemployed. It categorizes first on the basis of willing people looking for employment since currently they are unemployed and currently employed ones who are already working (Faccio Marchica Mura, 2016). There are unemployed people who is not able to work or mentally discouraged to work.they are not accounted into the labor force. To account for how much of participation the population is incorporating in to the labor force is idnetified by the labor force participation rate. The rate mesures percentge of adult population who is included in the labor force. Labor Force Participation rate = Labor force/ Adult Population Different Labour market structure Composition and characteristics of different labour market have different impacts on the state of unemployment. Markets that allow labour to derive long term unemployment benefit through various schemes, presence of strong union, bargained wages and poor maintenance of standard lead to worsening of unemployment. Labour markets with featured with strict regulation and legislation regarding the benefits to the unemployed people push them for job search (Santos, Roomi Lin, 2016). Gender differences and disparity in education level are important factors too that affect unemployment rate. Implication of gender difference Difefrence sof gender ha sserious impact on unemployment. Through general perception it is belived and proven that female are less active than men in the labor market. This might be due to lesser motivation, encouragement or opportunities that hinders them form participating in labor market. The social structure law and politics of any nation play pivotal role here in order to stimulate and ecourage female labor participation. There is discreapncy of the remuneration received by male who tend to get paid higher (Albanesi ?ahin, 2017). This is another reason behind lesser female workforce. There are many other obstacle swomen has to face in terms of child bearing and family leave. These take saway the focus of them from work that further deteriorates the skill sets they have and could apply in national production and its growth. The surveys and reasearches hsow how child birth and responsibilities of domestic affairs leads to fall in the female employment rate and the falling rate po f child birth has remarkably incraesed the female empployment level. The advent of modern world now faces higher growth in fenale participation rate with increase in education and awareness. But keeping parity with the wilingness if the jib rates are not growing in same proportion then the unemployment issue is inevitable. Influence of education With passage of time and more technological advances the requirement and functioning of the labour market has also been changing. Technology driven labour market opts for technically sound and knowledgeable workers in comparison to the huge supply of unqualified labours in the market. Here comes the role of the education to make people sound as the humans are being replaced through machines and knowledge of operating and handling these machines are mandatory. For this various vocational training and learning programs are required. People having expertise learning or degree along with skill sets are few in numbers and lie outside of the problem of unemployment. Mass suffer due to having poor educational qualification due to various social and economic issues (Brannen, 2017). Many people faced loss of job or being unable to be hire due to lack of proper skill and attaining this skills are very important now at this point of time. The government expenditure focusing the issue and more i nvestment to facilitate more programs in to the educational courses can help the situation to improve. Moreover, the cost of education should be reduced through subsidy as this is one of the obstructing component of attaining higher education in Australia. Other considerations: Apart from gender differences and educational impact few of the other things concern the unemployment too. Future consideration regarding the labour market structure, wage scale, employment benefits and schemes for the unemployment to help them battle the struggle are of crucial importance. Informal workers in the labour market always get paid less compared to the formal workers besides all the other benefits received in the employment. The incentive for holding the job is more for formal worker than informal workers who would prefer looking for better opportunities now in terms of benefits and employment facilities. This stimulates the migration. Moreover technological advances, geographical structures play important role in driving the migration and finding new jobs through surviving (Neuman, Robson, 2014). Developed countries whose service and manufacturing sector are strong have better source for the employment compared to developing country which is more of agriculture based an d have fewer scope of expanding employment. Findings and reasons: The ABS report of unemployment and Productivity Commissions report in Australia predicts slowdown in the employment rate during the Global Financial Crisis hitting the economy worse. But in recent time over the years adoption of proper fiscal and monetary policy has been able to let the country achieve a growth rate in the labour force by 2.1% per annum (Milner, Page Lamontagne, 2014) The reason behind such growth has been identified in the higher migration that increased the competition in labor demand as well as supply market. The immigrants are the perfect substitute of the local workers, they are available to work for lower rate of wage that pushes down the overall wage rate of the economy, and this helps more labour demand by the employer. This lead to more labour intensive production method. The jobs of the immigrants are obtained at the cost of the native workers who lose the competition and fall victim of unemployment as their scope of employment would reduce. Research Methodology Research philosophy Research philosophy is associated with the belief however, there are three types of research philosophies that are ineterpretivism, positivism and realism. Philosophy helps to carry out in-depth analysis of the research by using various model and theories (Mackey Gass, 2015). In this study positivism, philosophy has been selected. However, positivism philosophy enables the researcher to carry out the research study through a critical and logical process. Research Approach Inductive and deductive are the two types of approaches that are used in the research methodology. In this current study, deductive approach has been taken by the researcher. However, the deductive approach is based on the existing theories and model associated with the research topic. Inductive approach is generally excluded by the researcher as it is associated with the development of new theories and models (Mackey Gass, 2014). Hence, it is difficult for the researcher to provide proper information and lead the research in a right direction. Research Design Descriptive, explanatory and exploratory are the three types of designs that are followed by the researcher. In this present study descriptive design has been selected. In order to give the detail information it is important to use descriptive or analytical design (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). This allows the researcher to get in depth information regarding the research topic. Detail idea about various theories can be obtained by using such research design Research Strategy Research strategy enables the researcher to carry out the research in a right direction. Case studies, survey, interview, article review and focus group analysis are categorized under the research strategies (Flick, 2015). However, in this current study, government sites have been analyzed as the research strategy. This allows the researcher to collect information over the impact of gender differences and education level on the unemployment rate in Australia. However, authentic data is gathered by reviewing government websites. This current study requires the perspectives of the people regarding the impact of gender difference and education level on the unemployment rate. The author wants to improve the management skill and in order to improve the human resource technique. Thus, unemployment rate is required to understand for him. Sampling Techniques Probability and non-probability techniques are two types of sampling techniques. In this research study probability technique is used. However, data is collected from the government websites. 240 individuals are selected as the sample size where 120 were male and 120 were female unemployed candidates in Australia. Statistical data is collected over the gender differences based on the year 2007 to 2017. On the other hand, statistical data is collected over the education level based on the year 2007 to 2016. Such data enables the researcher to reveal the impact of gender differences and education level on the unemployment rate in Australia. Data Collection Method and Data Analysis Data has been collected through the secondary data collection method. However, secondary data collection method is beneficial for a research study to get valid and authentic data (Silverman, 2016). Government websites are taken through the database by using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Therefore, statistical data has been taken from the different government websites www.abs.au has been used as the authentic website to get valid and reliable data over the impact of gender differences and the education level on the unemployment rate of Australia. However, the secondary data enables the researcher to analyze the existing information. Data analysis process includes the representation of the data through table, graphs and charts. On the other hand, regression method is used to analyze the data regarding gender differences. Therefore, two sample T-test method is used to analyze the data regarding the education level variable. Ethical Consideration The researcher should follow the ethical consideration while conducting the research. Strict ethical rules should be followed in this research. The researcher should comply with the legal requirements. Therefore, no data should be manipulated during the secondary analysis (Flick, 2015). Proper citation is required while representing the data from secondary sources. Accessibility, Reliability and Validity issue Short frame of time hampers the data accessing process. Therefore, often some websites are in paid version that are hard to access for the researcher. On the other hand, reliability issue is big issue of a research as some journals and the websites are failed to provide authentic information (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). On the some websites and journals are not currently published that are rejected. Findings Sample composition Gender data observations of 120 male and 120 females unemployed. Years - 2007 to 2017 Education level- three independent variables Years 2007 to 2016 Findings Analysis 1: Unemployment Rate and Gender Is the female unemployment rate higher than male unemployment rate Table : Independent Sample t-test Males Females Mean 347.0518 303.7158 Variance 3082.581 1976.906 Observations 120 120 Pooled Variance 2529.743 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 238 t Stat 6.674 P(T=t) one-tail 0.000 t Critical one-tail 1.651 P(T=t) two-tail 0.000 t Critical two-tail 1.970 Analysis 2: Unemployment Rate and Education Table : Regression Coefficient Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Intercept 1.409 0.240 5.870 0.001 BUPPSRY 0.252 0.112 2.256 0.065 TRY 0.396 0.199 1.992 0.093 UPPSRY_NTRY 0.285 0.158 1.803 0.121 Unemployment rate Education: Total Education = 1.409 + 0.252*BUPPSRY + 0.396*TRY + 0.285*UPPSRY_NTRY BUPPSRY - Below Upper Secondary TRY - Tertiary UPPSRY_NTRY Upper Secondary Non-Tertiary Table : Regression Statistics Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.9908 R Square 0.9817 Adjusted R Square 0.9726 Standard Error 0.1047 Observations 10 Interpretation Therefore, from the above analysis of the gender data collected from Australian government sites it can be said that fluctuation of the trend lines in the above statistics reveals the males employment rate is higher than that of females employment rate. Though the variance of the data of female employment rate is less than that of Male which reveals that the rate of employment of females have been very less fluctuation. Therefore, the question number 1 in the research question place is answered in the part that female employment rate is slightly lower than males in Australia. The independent sample t-test done on the sample of 120 different observations are reflected in the genders of two different valuation of Australia. According to the two sample t-test the average number of male unemployed during the last decade comes to approximately 347,000 and females data comes to 303,000 females. The education level of the population are divided in three different level as the upper tertiary means that the individual has graduated and upper secondary means that individual has passed out the high schools and the other is divided in the population of lower than that of high school students. The sum of squares interprets the change of variability of the data. However, the regression statistics are given to be the less than 1 and coefficient of determination of the regression analysis of the sample is less than 1 but more close to 1. The three level of education is identified to be in correlation and the coefficient of correlation is calculated in the above analysis. The R square rate interprets as the variability of dependent variable and gives the predictors in analysis. The three independent variable identified and total education level as the dependent variable are calculated and a model has been build on the intercepts as the variable. The level of dependency is high and non -professional individuals who have completed the tertiary level of education have higher chances of being employed or is already employed. Discussion Therefore, from the above findings and interpretations it can be concluded that education level of the population as well as the individual affects the employments rate according the survey data analysis. The regression analysis of the data is given as per the interpretation among the three education level the tertiary level of education, which is a independent variable is more dependent on the total education. The upper secondary non-tertiary level of education comes second as the coefficient of the variable has more dependency level than the other two independent variable. From the 10 years data of education level the regression of the data is less. The gender dependability of the data collected shows, which have more variance in males than that of females, which can be interpreted as the males in Australia have suffered from unemployment compared to the female population. Conclusion Therefore from the above report it can be concluded that Gender differences and education level has huge impact on the unemployment rate. The research questions have been developed and based on the questions the data have been collected on gender and education level of sample population. The findings and analysis of the data have been given. The research methodology with the research philosophy, justification of the strategy chosen, data collection method, research design and approach are outlined. The way the research has been done discussed thoroughly in the report. The data has been gathered in the excel and developed two sample t- test and regression statistics based on that. Recommendation Therefore, from the analysis it can be seen there is gender biasness in unemployment in Australia. The Females are less employed than males over the years. It can be recommended that the Females should be given more chances in the working environment to eradicate the unemployment disease. Education level has more significance in the employment rate. The identified three level of education were given more emphasis, and therefore, the tertiary level of education is were more higher though others were less. Therefore, more emphasis must be given to the secondary and upper secondary level of education. References Albanesi, S., ?ahin, A. (2017).The gender unemployment gap(No. w23743). National Bureau of Economic Research. Brannen, J. (Ed.). (2017).Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research. Routledge. Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Clarke, A. E., Fujimura, J. H. (Eds.). (2014).The right tools for the job: At work in twentieth-century life sciences. Princeton University Press. Coates, J. (2015).Women, men and language: A sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. Routledge. 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